Unit18 New Zealand
一、课文背景知识
“新西兰人分别来自许多不同的文化背景,同时以热情和友善而享誉国际,美丽的田园、清洁的环境、健康的生活方式以及多元文化社区使新西兰成为来自世界各地移民的理想国家。”
这既是广告词,更是新西兰的真实写照。1997年,在一项对全球高级管理人员进行的调查中,新西兰的奥克兰市在最喜欢居住的城市中名列第二;一项由全球最大的人力资源公司william M. Mercer 进行的全球生活素质最佳城市的研究报告中指出,新西兰的奥克兰市的生活素质排名全球第五,与悉尼、日内瓦、哥本哈根等齐名;另外,由加拿大 Fraser Institute 研究所、美国和新加坡并列为全球最自由的经济体,而新西兰则紧随其后,名列第二,第三到第十位分别是:美国、英国、爱尔兰、加拿大、澳大利亚、荷兰、卢森堡及瑞士。
新西兰很接近国际日界线,北岛的岛屿和镇,是全球、最先迎接新一天来到的地方。新西兰是南太平洋上一个景色如画的岛国,形状很象一只倒悬的长筒高根皮靴,距澳大利亚1600公里,新西兰主要由北岛和南岛组成,库克海峡将两岛分开,还有许多较小的岛屿,陆地总面积为270,500平方公里,面积大小与日本及英国相仿,但人口密度远低于后者。由于新西兰的大部分出口产品是农产品,人们通常认为新西兰是一个农业国家,实际上新西兰是一个高度城市化的国家,百分之八十五的人口生活在城镇里,大多数人就业在工业、商业或服务业。
新西兰拥有着许多令人激动的自然景观,从冰川到雨林,从峡湾到温泉,从火山到峡谷,从南阿尔卑斯山动人的景观到岛屿湾美丽的海岸线,更让人惊奇的是,将近三分之一的新西兰国土是国家公园或自然保护区,新西兰被誉为世界上最后一处“天堂”。
关于历史,波利尼夕亚定居者约在公元十世纪最先来到新西兰(毛利过名为“长白云之乡)。到公元十二世纪,全国受青睐的地区已分布了许多定居点:12年,荷兰航海家阿贝尔.塔斯曼发现了长白云之乡,并以荷兰一个地区的名字命名这块土地为,他绘制了部分西海岸的区的地图,但并未在此登陆;1769年,英国海军舰长詹姆斯.库克及船员成为首先踏足新西兰土地的欧洲人,随后,捕捞海报和鲸鱼的人们也来到这里,新西兰的国家标志是不会飞的土生“几维鸟”,有时“几维”被用作新西兰的同义语。
新西兰最大的非欧洲人社团是本地的毛利人——新西兰最早的定居者和开拓者,毛利人是1000多年以前最早在新西兰定居的人,他们又叫做“塔加塔.胡奴阿”,即“大地之民”,欧洲约在1769年以后移居到此,毛利人的文化、艺术和传统是新西兰遗产中的重要部分。新西兰的教育被视为世界上最好的教育之一,他们通过学校、大学、技工学院和其他教育机构提供高质量教育,新西兰的教育体系源于英国的传统教育,全国实行同意的教育体系,教育经费开支占开支第三位。
二、疑难详解
1. It is made up of two large islands: North Island and South Island.这个国家是由两座大岛组成的;北岛和男岛。
[问]be made up of 和be made of (from)有何区别?
[答]be made up of 意为“由……组成”,表示由若干部分组成一个新的整体,be made of/from 意为“由……制成”,如:
Could are made up of water. 云是水构成的。
Desk are made of wood. 课桌是木制的。
be made into 意为“被制成……”如:
Some plants can be made into paper. 有些植物可以被制成纸张。
2. New Zealand is surrouded by the Pacific Ocean to the north and east , and the Tasman Sea to the south and west. 新西兰以北和以东由太平洋环绕,南面和西面是塔斯马海,
[问]表示方位的介词常用的有哪些?[答]介词to,to,in常用来表示地理方位,注意学会和掌握她们的用法。
a. A地位于B地境内以东(南、西、北):A lies/is in the east /south /west/north of B.
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部。(在中国境内)
b. A地位于B地境内以东(南、西、北): A lies /is in the east /south /west/north of B.
Britain is to the east of Ireland . 不列颠位于爱尔兰的东面,(不在同一境内)
c. A地与B地的东(南、西、北)部接壤:A lies/is on the east/south /west /north of B.
Wales lies to the west of England. 威尔士位于英格兰的西边。(两者相邻)
另外, lie on 还可表示“位于……之畔”。如:
Wuhan lies on the Changjiang River. 武汉坐落在长江之畔。
3. Other important cities are Auckland in the north ,Christ-church on the South Island and Queenstown, further in the south. 其他重要城市有北方的奥克兰, 南岛的克赖斯特彻奇和远在南方的昆士城。
[问]句中的further作何理解?它与farther有何区别?
[答]further在此用作副词,修饰介词短语 in the south, 表示“远在南方,深入南方内地”, 又如:
Can you walk further into the forest? 你能再往森林深处走走吗?
farther 和further都是far 的比较级,可用作形容词或副词,都可以指空间或时间上的距离,意为”更远的(地)”, 但farther比further更普遍些,如:
On the farther/further side of the street there was a large shop
在街道的那一头有一家商店。
further还可以用于抽象意义,表示“进一步”,这时不能用farther, 如:
They want to get further information. 他们想得到进一步的信息。
4. The North Island is famous for an area of hot springs, some of which throw hot water high into the air.北岛以温泉而著称,有些温泉将热水喷射到很高的空中。
[问]句中的some of which 是什么结构?
[答]some of which 是“代词(或名词)+介词 + 关系代词”在句中引导非性定语从句。当先行词为人时,关系嗲次用whom, 当先行词为物时, 关系代词用which,注意介词后不能用that。又如:
Here are a lot of stones, must of which will be used to build a bridge. 这儿有许多石头,其中多数将用来建桥。
There are about 100 teachers in our school, many of whom are women. 我们学校约有100名教师,其中许多是妇女。
5. Some of these heat near the earth's surface is used to make electricity. 接近地球表面的有些热能被用来发电。
[问]be used to do sth. 和be used to doing sth 有什么区别?
[答]be used to do sth 意为“……被用来做某事”, 其中to do sth. 是动词不定式作目的状语,如:
This piece of wood is used to keep rain water. 这块木版是用来挡雨水的。
Grass can be used to make paper. 草可以用来造纸。
而be used to doing sth. 是“习惯于……”的意思,其中to 是介词,后接名词或动词ing形式,它是个表示状态的词组,若要表示由不习惯到习惯这一变化的动作,则换为get/become used to。这个结构可用于各种时态。例如:
Soon you will get/become used to living in the countrey. 很快你就会习惯于乡村生活了。
I was not used to being called a lazy fellow. 我原来不习惯于人家称我为懒汉。
另外还要注意:在used to do sth 结构中, used to 是情态动词,表示过去常常做某事,侧重于和现在对照,意思是“过去常常……(但现在不)”,可以谈动作,也可以谈状态。例如:
They used to mod to each other when they met. 他们过去遇到时,总是彼此点点头。
因此,不要将实义动词use与used to 及be used to 混淆。试比较:
Coal is used to cook food. 煤用来生火做饭。 (实义动词,不定式为目的状语)
She is used to cooking food with coal. 她习惯于用煤生火做饭。
She used to cook food with coal. 她过去总是用煤生火做饭。
6. When they discovered it about 1000 years ago, they called it Ao-tea-roa, which means "land of the long white cloud". 大约1000 年前他们发现这里时, 他们称这里为Ao-tea-roa, 意思 “长白山之乡”。
[问]还有哪些动词像call一样后接名词或形容词做宾补?
[答]由“宾语+名词(作宾补)”这种结构一般是用在及物动词后面,常见的有:make, call, elet, consider, choose, name等,例如:
We elected Alice our monitor. 我们推选爱丽丝当班长。
She named her daughter Mary. 她给女儿取名为玛丽。
They called the baby Helen after their beloved teacher. 他们以他们敬爱的老师的名字海伦为他们的名。
They called that an honor to their collective. 他们认为那是他们集体的光荣。
More than 125 years later, Canptain James Cook took possession of the island in 1769and from that time British people started to settle i nNew Zealand. 125多年以后,詹姆斯库克船长于1769年占领了这些岛屿,从此英国人开始在新西兰定居。
[问]take possession of 是什么意思?
[答]take possession of 意为“夺取,占有”等。例如:
At night they crossed the river and took possession of the village by surprise. 他们晚上渡河,突然夺取了那个村子。
The old couple took possession of the house about 20 years ago. 那对老年夫妻大约在20年前就拥有了那所房子。
By 1840 about 2000 Europeans, mainly British, had come to settle in New Zealand and the Maori signed an agreement with these settlers.
到1840年,大约有2000欧洲人,主要是英国人,来到新西兰定居,毛利人与这些定居者签订了一个协定。
[问]此句中的介词by是什么意思?
[答]by 在此表示“到(某时)为止”或“到某时”已发生某事或出现某种情况,谓语动词多用完成时态。句中的1840是过去时间,因此谓语动词用过去完成时had come, 又如:
By the end of last year we had produced 3000 computers. 到去年年底为止我们已生产出3000台电脑。
She had finished her work by the time I came home. 我回家时他已干完活了。
By next week we will have made a plan for our journey. 下周前我们会订出旅行计划。
9. Since the mid-1980s growing numbers of Asians have settled in New Zealand, and they make up about 6% of the total population. 自从80年代中期以来,定居在新西兰的亚洲人数不断增加,他们占新西兰总人口的6%。
[问]怎么理解growing numbers? 句中的make up 是何意?
[答]growing numbers 意为“不断增加的(人口)数量”,-ing作定语常表示正在进行的动词或正在变化的过程,又如:
a moving car 行驶的汽车;developing countries 发展中国家; a running machine 运转的机器。
句中的make up 意为“组成、构成”, 与make搭配的短语还有:make up for 补偿,弥补;make up to接近,巴结;追求(某人);make up of 由……组成;make out of 用……制造出……,理解,了解;make known 使知晓;传达,等。
10. The happier events are marked with speeches, singing and dancing. 比较欢乐的活动则常有演讲、载歌载舞等活动。
[问]be marked with 是何意思?
[答]be marked with意为“标有……的记号”,如:
The paper was marked with my father's name and with the month and the year.试卷上标有我父亲的名字及年月时间。
Please mark the place on the map. 请在地图上标明位置。
[辨析]mark... with...意为“用……在……做记号”, mark sth. on =make a mark on sth. 意为“在……上做记号”。
He marked his dictionary with number. 他在词典上标上了序号。
Who made these dirty marks on my new shirt? 是谁把我的新衬衫弄脏了?
11. Many people will sleep and eat on the marae during these three days and share their memorites of the dead person. 这三天里许多人吃、睡都在麦利会堂,共同悼念亡人。
[问]句中的动词share怎么理解?
[答]share在此作及物动词,意为“分享、分担、共同具有”等,例如;
True friends must share everything. 好朋友必须分享一切。
Three boys shared a big cake. 三个孩子分吃了一个大面包。
The brothers shared the same tastes and interests. 兄弟俩有着相同的爱好和兴趣。
He shared his story with us.他给我们讲述了他的经历。
12. New Zealand is an important agricultural country, with cattle farming on the North Island, while the hilly South Island has more sheep farms. 新西兰是个重要的农业国,北岛有牛场,而多山的南岛则有更多的羊场。
[问]"with + 复合宾语”的构成及其在句中的作用是什么?
[答]“with +宾语”之后可接介词、名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、-ing形式或过去分词等作宾补,一起构成复合宾语,例如:
There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.这儿有一排排白色的房子,房前长着树木。
He left home with his wife a hopeless soul. 他舍家而去,撇下了绝望的妻子。
She always sleeps with the window open. 她总是开着窗户睡觉。
He was working there with only a shirt on. 他只穿着一件衬衣在那里干活。
With all this work to do, I don't know if I'll have time to go out.有这么多工作要做,我不知道我是否哟时间出去。
With so many people working, what is the family income?
这么多人干活,全家有多少收入呢?
He stood for an instant with hsi hand still raised.他仍然举着手站了一会儿。
"with+复合宾语”在句中主要作状语,表示原因、条件、方式、伴随状况等,同时还可用作定语,相当于一个定语从句。如:
With the food run out, the man had to come out of his hiding place. 东西吃完了,那人不得不走出躲藏处。(状语)
The old man sat in his chair, with a pipe in his hand. 那的老人坐在椅子上,手里拿着一个烟斗。(状语)
She saw a brook with red fowersand green grass on both sides. 她看到了一条小溪,两岸长着红花绿草。(定语)
A little boy wiht two of his front teeth missing ran into the dining room. 一个缺了两颗门牙的小男孩跑进了餐厅。(定语)
13. Some farmers have turned to keeping deer, and there are now about 4500 deer farms in the country. 有些农场主已转而养鹿了, 这个国家现有大约4500个养鹿场。
[问]此句中turn to 作何理解?
[答]短语动词turn to 意为“转到”、“把……转向”, 需要注意是是to为介词,后接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式,如:
Our talk soon turn to the development of industry. 我们的谈话很快就转到工业的发展上来了。
Soon after he became a doctor, he turned to teaching. 他当医生之后不久改行从事教学工作。
There was no one in the dark atreets for him to turn to for help. 黑暗的街上没一个人他可以寻求帮助。
与turn连用的短语还有许多,如:turn down减弱,降低,压低(力量、声音等) ;拒绝,不接受;turn in 把...上交(给)......,归还;turn on打开(煤气、自来水、电灯等);turn up 出现,来临,露面;把声音开大;把力量加大;turn away把…打发走;转过脸去;turn out 结果;结果是;turn over翻转;考虑 ;turn back 转回去,往回走;turn against 背叛;等等。
14. New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world. 新西兰的葡萄酒质量高,销往世界各地。
[问]怎么理解of high quality 这类结构?
[答]"of high quality"这类“of +(adj.) + n. "结构常用来描写人或事物的特征,在句中可以作表语(如本句),也可以作定语。例如:The work The work I am doing is of much importance. 我正在做的事是非常重要的。(作表语)
Both of them are of middle height. 他们两个人都是中等个儿。(作表语)
This is an example of great success. 这是一个成功的典范。 (作定语)
I won't give you anything of little value. 不值钱的东西我就不给你了。(作定语)
15. In summer, people like to go sailing, swimming, horse-riding, and rock-climbing in the mountains. 夏天,人们喜欢去航海、游泳、骑马和去山里攀登岩壁。
[问]句中的go sailing 是什么结构?
[答]go sailing 属于go + doing的结构,作“去干某事”解,多指从事与体育、娱乐有关的活动,如:
go boating 去划船;go fishing 去钓鱼;go climbing 去登山;go swimming 去游泳;go shoping 去射击;go camping 去野营;go cycling 去骑车;go dancing 去跳舞;go hunting 去打猎;go shopping 去购物;go walking 去散步;go farming 去务农;go skating 去滑冰等。
三、本单元高考热点归纳与拓展
[概述]
1.重点单词和词组:
spring, heat,surface,mainly,take possession of,percent,make up,sign,agreement,refer to,wedding,conference,relaion,agriculture,cattle,export,go sailing seaside,region 等。
2.重点语法:
本单元的语法重点是学习的用法,先简要归纳如下:
(1) it 不仅可以用来代替前面提到过的事物,也可用来指人,例如:
I threw the ball to him and he caught it. 我把球传给他,他接住了。
it 指人时,用于中性词,当不清楚对方的性别或指婴儿是,就用 it 来代替。
(2) 在问题的答语中,用 it 来代替 this 或 that。如:
——"What's this?" ——"It's a computer."
——这是什么?——是一台电脑。
(3) it 可作为无人称代词使用,表示时间、天气、距离、度量等。
What a lovely day it is today! 今天天气真好!
(4) it 可用作形式主语,代替用作主语的不定式、-ing 形式后 that 从句,将真正主语放于句后,如:
It seems that he knows nothing about it. 他似乎对此一无所知。
(5) it 可用作形式宾语,当宾语是不定式、-ing 形式或